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VOLUME 13 (1): APRIL – JUNE 2025
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Research Article
Community engagement and conservation outlook: insights from Dhanauri and Surajpur wetlands, India
Neeti Tomar1, Monika Koul2 and A.K. Pandey1*
1Department of Botany, Mansarovar Global University, Bilkisganj, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
2Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
Corresponding author: arunpandey79@gmail.com
Article No.: NTJBR-2025-4; Received: 24.04.2025; Peer-reviewed: 14.05.2025; Accepted: 16.05.2025; Published: 30.06.2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16749193
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Present study examines the extent of use, perceptions, and attitudes of local populations towards two
wetlands, Dhanauri and Surajpur, Noida, Uttar Pradesh through a cross-sectional survey of one hundred residents from each location.
The survey revealed that Dhanauri had a higher frequency of visitors compared to Surajpur. Most respondents in Dhanauri perceived
the wetland as heavily degraded, expressing concerns about its future, while Surajpur respondents were more optimistic,
with many viewing the wetland as either pristine or moderately affected. Awareness of conservation efforts was generally
low in both locations, though support for protective regulations was high. These findings underscore the vital role that
wetlands play in local livelihoods and highlight the need for targeted conservation efforts. Enhancing community involvement
and addressing specific perceptions could improve the long-term sustainability and protection of these wetlands.
Keywords:Dhanauri and Surajpur Wetlands, Community perceptions, Livelihoods, Conservation
Research Article
Cyanotoxin profiling of seasonal spring cyanobacteria Nostoc fuscescens by LC-HRMS
Gaikwad SA1* and SP Nalawade2
*1Department of Zoology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Maharashtra.
2Department of Zoology, D. P. Bhosale College Koregaon, Satara, Maharashtra
Corresponding email ID: sonaliagaikwad22@gmail.com
Article No.: GSAJBR-2025-5; Received: 24.04.2025; Peer-reviewed: 17.05.2025; Accepted: 30.05.2025; Published: 30.06.2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16749234
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Cyanotoxins, the metabolites synthesized by cyanobacteria, have a significant impact on
ecosystems and are important in pharmaceutics. Cyanotoxins are of diverse chemical nature, including peptides, alkaloids, etc.
and are found in various aquatic and terrestrial habitats. We investigated the presence of cyanotoxins in the cyanobacteria
Nostoc fuscescens from a seasonal water spring situated in the northern Western Ghats, India. We identified cyanotoxins
in N. fuscescens blooms using LC-HRMS analysis. We detected the presence of four cyanotoxins: Microcystin, Nodularin,
Cylindrospermosin, and Anatoxin. Additionally, we also identified four variants of Microcystin. The results revealed
that N. fuscescens contains different cyanotoxins with multiple structural variants. These results highlight the
potential of cyanobacteria on wet rocks in seasonal spring to produce cyanotoxins of diverse chemical nature, that
can be explored further for bioprospection.
Keywords: Water spring; Cyanotoxins; Nostoc fuscescens; Microcystin.
Research Article
Evaluation of tree species diversity in Bilaspur Conservancy with their threatened status and medicinal values.
Akanksha Singh1, Kundan Kumar Ojha1, Sushma Jaiswal2, Ashwini Kumar Dixit1
1Laboratory of Molecular Taxonomy and Medicinal Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, Chhhattisgarh, India.
2Department of Computer Science & Information technology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, Chhhattisgarh, India.
*†Corresponding author email: dixitak@live.com
comArticle No.: ASJBR142; Received: 18.03.2025; Peer-reviewed: 16.05.2025; Accepted: 20.05.2025; Published: 30.06.2025
Doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16749217
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: India, recognized as a mega diverse country, encompasses a wide range of ecosystems,
including forests, grasslands, wetlands, coastal and marine environments, and deserts. Climate change has profoundly influenced
forest ecosystems, altering species composition, biodiversity, and ecological functions. This study evaluates tree diversity
and conservation status within the protected areas of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, emphasizing species resilience to climatic stress
and the imperative for sustainable management. A comprehensive survey recorded 120 tree species distributed across 35 families
and 120 genera, with Fabaceae emerging as the most dominant family. Conservation status assessments classified 95 species as
Least Concern (LC), 3 as Data Deficient (DD), 3 as Near Threatened (NT), 5 as Vulnerable (VU), and 1 as Endangered (EN).
Several species exhibit adaptive traits to semi-arid conditions, underscoring their ecological significance in the context
of climate change. The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies integrating biodiversity
conservation and sustainable resource utilization. Strengthening ecosystem governance and implementing adaptive management
approaches are critical for maintaining biodiversity, ensuring ecological stability, and securing the long-term viability
of forest ecosystems in the region.
Keywords: Conservancy; Diversity; Evaluation; Medicinal Values; Threatened Status; Tree.
Research Article
Aquatic Coleopteran diversity and species composition in various Lentic Waterbodies of Maharashtra, India
Mahadev Atole¹ and Balraj Khobragade²*
¹Department of Zoology, M.V.P.'s Arts, Commerce & Science College, Nandgaon, Dist. Nashik - 423106 under Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune (Maharashtra) India.
²Department of Zoology, B.P.H.E. Society’s Ahmednagar College, Ahmednagar - 414001, Maharashtra India.
*Corresponding Author email: balraj.indian@gmail.com
Article No.: MAJBR148, Received: 24.04.2025; Peer-reviewed: 19.05.2025; Accepted: 22.05.2025; Published: 30.06.2025.
Doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16749244
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Insects are the most diverse group among freshwater fauna. The present investigation deals with the diversity of
aquatic beetles in six different lentic water bodies (reservoirs) in Maharashtra, India. A total number of 22 species belonging to
13 genera, 5 families of order Coleoptera of Class Insecta was recorded. Among all stations, the highest species diversity was
recorded at Station-5 (at Ujani Dam); while the lowest value was recorded at Station-1 (at Mula Dam) and Station-2
(at Bhandardara Dam). The Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index recorded less diversity from Station-1 (at Mula Dam) to
Station-4 (at Dhom Dam); whereas Station-5 (at Ujani Dam) and Station-6 (at Jayakwadi Dam) showed moderate diversity.
Moderate pollution status of water was observed at all the six sampling stations. Simpson’s Diversity Index indicated
moderate diversity from Station-1 (at Mula Dam) to Station-4 (at Dhom Dam); while Station-5 (at Ujani Dam) and
Station-6 (at Jayakwadi Dam) showed high diversity. The Margalef’s Diversity Index showed highest value at
Station-5 (at Ujani Dam); whereas lowest value was observed at Station-2 (at Bhandardara Dam).
The Generic Richness of aquatic beetles was highest at Station-5 (at Ujani Dam); whereas lowest
value was recorded at Station-1 (at Mula Dam) and Station-2 (at Bhandardara Dam).
Total Abundance was recorded highest at Station-5 (at Ujani Dam); whereas lowest value was
found at Station-1 (at Mula Dam). Thus, diversity status of aquatic beetles from the surveyed
reservoirs is moderate, but in the coming days, rising pollution may negatively impact the
overall biodiversity of the waterbodies.
Keywords: Aquatic Insects; Coleoptera; Distribution; Diversity; Reservoirs; Maharashtra
Research Article
Ampelomyces sp. - a mycoparasite of Powdery mildew of Cucurbita moschata Duch.: a report from Ziro Valley in Arunachal Pradesh
Marbom Riba and Tenya Rina*
Department of Botany, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh -791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India
*Corresponding author email: tenyarina2017@gmail.com
Article No.: MRJBR147, Received: 24.04.2025, Peer-reviewed: 18.05.2025; Accepted: 25.05.2025; Published: 30.06.2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16749268
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: While conducting field studies of powdery mildew on pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.), in Ziro
located at 27.63ºN 93.83ºE, 1500 meter above the sea level at Lower Subansiri district in Arunachal Pradesh, occurrence of
Ampelomyces sp., a mycoparasite, was observed on its infected leaves during the fruiting stage. Powdery mildew is a highly
destructive disease affecting wide range of host plants including members of Cucurbitaceae leading to tremendous yield loss.
The study was conducted during the months of September to October, between 17.20 to 20.85 ºC and relative humidity ranging
from 58 to 68%. Ampelomyces is a mycoparasite, which parasitizes on powdery mildew and has been reported as a potential
biocontrol agent (BCA) against the powdery mildew disease. It is reported to be an antagonist of powdery mildew fungal pathogen,
wherein they compete for nutrition, invade the cytoplasm, inhibit sporulation of conidia leading to ultimate death of the
fungal pathogen, resulting in considerable mitigation of the powdery mildew disease. In this study, sub-globose to globose
brownish pycnidia of Ampelomyces sp. was observed parasitizing on the hyphae of powdery mildew fungal pathogen.
Also, release of pycnidiospores on the conidiophore of powdery mildew pathogen was observed, representing the
mycoparasitic nature of the Ampelomyces sp. Microscopic examination at 100x and 400x magnification revealed that
the Ampelomyces pycnidia invades two primary targets, the hyphae and the conidiophores of the powdery mildew fungal pathogen.
From the present study, the morphological examination of pycnidia has confirmed the natural occurrence of the
mycoparasite, Ampelomyces sp., in Ziro valley, which could be explored for its further evaluation as a potential
Biocontrol agent.
Keywords: Powdery Mildew; Cucurbita moschata Duch.; Ampelomyces sp.; Mycoparasite; Biocontrol agents (BCAs)
Research Article
Phytochemical characterization of Saraca indica bark and investigation of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the saponin-rich extract
Siddhesh Pote1, Gaganjyot Kaur1 and Sonali Kokane2
1Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, Gurunanak Khalsa College, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India.
Department of Chemistry, Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India.
*Corresponding author email: sonalikokane@gmail.com
Article No.: SPJBR157; Received: 24.04.2025; Peer-reviewed: 25.05.2025; Accepted: 10.06.2025; Published: 30.06.2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16756149
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Saraca indica, commonly known as Ashoka in the Indian subcontinent is well known for its
ethnobotanical significance. This study delves into the phytochemical profile of Saraca indica bark and elucidates its
antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Utilizing analytical techniques such as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and
High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the bark's bioactive compounds.
This study revealed a rich presence of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins, which
are known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The absence of certain compounds like
reducing sugars and proteins was noted, which frames the specific biochemical profile of the bark. The saponin-rich extract,
prepared using rigorous extraction methods, was analysed through GC-MS, revealing a complex mixture of compounds with
varied saponin content. The antioxidant capabilities of the extract were quantified using the DPPH assay, showcasing a
dose-dependent scavenging activity that underscores the extract's potential as a natural antioxidant source. Furthermore,
antimicrobial tests against pathogens such as E. coli, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa demonstrated significant
inhibitory effects, suggesting the extract's usefulness in combating bacterial and fungal infections. Cytotoxicity
assays affirmed the non-toxic nature of the extract, highlighting its safety for potential therapeutic use.
The findings of this study not only corroborate the traditional uses of Saraca indica in Ayurvedic medicine
but also open avenues for its application in modern pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. By bridging
traditional knowledge and contemporary scientific approaches, this research contributes to the evolving
landscape of natural product research and their integration into evidence-based practices.
Keywords:Saraca indica; Bark Extract; Phytochemical; Antimicrobial, Antioxidant; Saponin; Cytotoxicity; Immunomodulatory Assay.
Research Article
Exploring bioresource utilization in traditional fishing methods among the tribes of Arunachal Pradesh
Himadri Dutta1* and Tomo Riba2
1Department of Geography, Rajiv Gandhi University, Rono Hills, Doimukh-791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
2Arunachal Pradesh University, Pasighat -791102, East Siang, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
*Corresponding author email: himadri.dt@gmail.com
Article No.: HDJBR155A; Received: 12.01.2025; Peer-reviewed: 17.04.2025; Accepted: 14.05.2025; Published: 30.06.2025.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16756137
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Arunachal Pradesh, situated in the north eastern region of India, harbours rich biodiversity and cultural diversity.
Traditional fishing practices have long been integral to the livelihoods and cultural heritage of indigenous communities
inhabiting the region. This study investigates the utilization of bioresources within the context of traditional fishing
methods practiced in Lower Siang, Lepa Rada, West Siang and Shi Yomi district of Arunachal Pradesh.
Through a combination of ethnographic fieldwork, ecological surveys and community engagement, the study aims
to document and analyse the diverse array of bioresources targeted, the traditional fishing techniques
employed and the socio-cultural significance of these practices. Primary data has been collected from
the villagers through a combination of field surveys and interviews with local fishermen. Key findings
reveal a diverse array of traditional fishing techniques deeply rooted in the cultural heritage of the study area.
These methods range from bamboo traps and hand nets to angling and basket weirs, each tailored to the
unique environmental characteristics of the region. Utilization of local bioresources, including
bamboo and natural plant fibers, in the construction of fishing gear, shows the sustainable practices
embedded within traditional knowledge systems. The application of indigenous fishing gears and methods
by the different tribal groups in the study area highlights the intimate connection between culture,
tradition and sustainable resource management. The findings of this research offer valuable insights
into the dynamics of bioresource utilization in traditional fishing methods in the study area.
Keywords: Arunachal Pradesh; Bioresource Utilization; Traditional Fishing Methods; Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK).
Research Article
Assessment of forest structure, carbon stock and regeneration dynamics in the Raipur Range of Mussoorie Forest Division, Uttarakhand, India
Manisha Pandey*, S.P Joshi and Sachin Sharma
Eco-Taxonomy Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, D.A.V. (P.G) College, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India.
*Corresponding author-mail: email:manishapandey614@gmail.com
Article No.:MPJBR126A; Received: 08.01.2025; Peer-reviewed: 12.04.2025; Accepted: 08.05.2025; Published: 30.06.2025
DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16756098
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Present study is a comprehensive assessment of the carbon stock in various tree species, the structure of the
forests, and the regeneration status within the Raipur Range of the Mussoorie Forest Division, located in the Dehradun district
of the Garhwal Himalaya. The Raipur Range is situated in a unique geographical area between 30°14'40" and 30°25'20" North latitude,
and 78°01'80" to 78°18'00" East longitude, encompassing a total area of approximately 9,624.10 ha. The study was conducted in the
between November 2022 - March 2024. To gather data, 30 sample plots (0.1 ha) were established randomly throughout the range,
allowing for a representative analysis of the forest ecosystems. The investigation revealed three distinct types of forests
along the altitudinal gradient of the region. Among these, the Shorea robusta forest was identified as the most dominant,
characterizing the landscape and contributing significantly to the overall biomass of the area. The results indicated that
the maximum total biomass was recorded at altitudes between 1,000 and 1,200 m, reaching an impressive 163.65 Mg ha⁻¹.
Conversely, the study documented a minimum biomass of 128.71 Mg ha⁻¹ at elevations ranging from 800 to 1,000 m, highlighting
the variations in forest productivity across different altitudinal zones. In terms of regeneration status, the overall
findings suggested that forest regeneration was poor across most types, except the Pinus roxburghii forest, which
demonstrated fair regeneration at the study site. This disparity in regeneration can be largely attributed to a
combination of environmental factors affecting sapling growth. Specifically, the presence of a stony substratum
appears to limit the establishment of young trees, while biotic interference from herbivores and competition for
sunlight with more mature plants further exacerbate the challenges faced by saplings. These insights underscore
the need for targeted conservation efforts to enhance forest regeneration and protect the biodiversity of the
Raipur Forest Range..
Keywords:Forest Structure; Altitudinal Gradient; Carbon Stock; Phytosociology; Regeneration; Mussoorie
Research Article
Effect of mineral phosphates (K2HPO4) on mat formation, growth and biochemical responses in Tolypothrix sp. KJE1
Jalaluddin and Rajan Kumar Gupta*
Laboratory of Algal Research, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005 India
*Corresponding author email: rajang.bot@bhu.ac.in
Article No.: RGJBR125; Received: 8.1.2025; Peer-reviewed: 16.06.2025; Accepted: 20.06.2025; Published: 30.06.2025.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16784924
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Phosphate availability plays a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and influencing
their structure and growth. In the present study, the impact of higher concentrations of K2HPO4 treatment on
Tolypothrix sp. KJE1, was investigated. The results revealed that increased phosphate concentrations enhanced overall cellular
growth and biomass productivity through improved photosynthetic performance and efficient carbon assimilation. Higher phosphate
levels resulted in increased chlorophyll-a content, which is crucial for photosynthesis, as well as augmented carotenoid and
scytonemin contents, which act as photoprotective pigments. Moreover, the treatment influenced the synthesis of phycobiliproteins,
including phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and allophycocyanin, which are responsible for capturing light energy. Phosphate
availability also influenced chlorophyll fluorescence and exopolysaccharide production in Tolypothrix sp. KJE1.
The treatment facilitated optimal photosynthetic performance and increased exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, which
contributed to cell aggregation and protection against environmental stressors. Furthermore, the higher phosphate
availability stimulated lipid biosynthesis and storage in Tolypothrix sp. KJE1. Phosphorus, an essential component
of lipid, increased cell lipid content, while phosphate regulation of lipid metabolism and enzyme activity played a
role in lipid accumulation. However, the elevated phosphate concentrations disrupted the nutrient balance, leading
to decreased protein and carbohydrate content as resources were diverted towards phosphate uptake and storage.
Overall, this study highlights a significant influence of phosphate availability on Tolypothrix sp. KJE1, impacting mat
structure, pigment synthesis, photosynthetic efficiency, exopolysaccharide production, and lipid content.
Understanding these responses enhance our knowledge of the intricate relationships between nutrient availability, microbial
physiology, and ecosystem dynamics.
Keywords: Cyanobacteria; K2HPO4; Mat; Phosphate; Tolypothrix.
Research Article
Extraction and structural characterisation of nanocrystalline cellulose from bamboo biomass
Junu Poudel, Namita Nath and Bhaben Tanti*
Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Jalukbari, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
*Corresponding author email: btanti@gauhati.ac.in
Article No.:JPJBR160; Received: 18.04.2025; Peer-reviewed: 25.05.2025; Accepted: 30.05.2025; Published: 30.06.2025
Doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16821860
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Nanocrystalline Cellulose (NCC) is a bio-based nanomaterial of growing interest due to its renewable origin,
excellent mechanical strength, and modifiable surface chemistry. In this study, NCC was extracted from bamboo fibre via. controlled
acid hydrolysis, followed by purification and ultrasonication. Bamboo, a fast-growing and sustainable resource, was selected for
its high cellulose yield and widespread availability. The isolated NCC was characterised using SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, and TGA
to assess its morphological, chemical, structural, and thermal properties. SEM and TEM revealed uniformly dispersed, rod-shaped
nanocrystals, while EDX confirmed high elemental purity with dominant carbon and oxygen peaks. FTIR analysis verified the
removal of non-cellulosic components, and XRD results indicated an increase in crystallinity from 57.73% in raw fibre
to 68.32% in NCC. Thermogravimetric analysis showed enhanced thermal stability, with 50% mass loss occurring at 301.21 °C.
These results demonstrate that bamboo-derived NCC possesses favourable characteristics for integration into advanced material
systems. Its structural stability and thermal resilience support its use in bio-composites, packaging materials, and
biomedical applications. Future research may focus on surface functionalization of NCC and optimisation of the extraction
process for industrial-scale implementation.
Keywords: Nanocrystalline Cellulose; Bamboo Biomass; Ultrasonication; Crystallinity; Thermal stability
Research Article
Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial herbal ointment from aerial parts of Sphaeranthus indicus extract
Soma Dutta Das1, Pijush Kanti Das2, Arnab Bera3 and Nilanjana Banerjee3*
1Centre for Life Sciences, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore – 721102, West Bengal, India.
2Department of Botany, Uluberia College (University of Calcutta), Uluberia, Howrah-711315, West Bengal, India.
3Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore-721102, West Bengal, India.
*Corresponding author email:nilanjana@mail.vidyasagar.ac.in
Article No.: SDJBR118C; Received: 30.11.2024; Peer-reviewed: 30.03.2025; Accepted: 15.05.2025; booked for Issue 30.06.2025
DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16822016
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: Sphaeranthus indicus L., commonly known as ‘Shraboni’, is a member of the Asteraceae
family. Traditionally, the plant has been used to cure a variety of ailments including cold and cough, fever, liver disease, mental
illnesses, diabetes, wounds, and skin diseases like cellulitis, acneiform rash, green nails, boils, blisters, and more.
It is also used as an anthelmintic for kids. The primary goal of this study was to formulate an herbal ointment using an
ethanolic extract of S. indicus aerial parts and assess its antibacterial efficacy. The agar well diffusion method was
used to assess the invitro antibacterial activity of prepared herbal ointments against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. Other physicochemical parameters, including color, odour, PH, spreadability, consistency, solubility, washability, and
acute skin irritation study, were also analyzed. Zone of inhibition was used to assess the herbal ointment's antibacterial
efficacy. Different phytochemicals like alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids were present in the plant extract. Invitro
antibacterial study shows that S. indicus has significant antibacterial activity when formulated as ointment.
The herbal ointment is also better in comparison than a commercial brand of Neosporin ointment. The results are
the justification for the use of the plant in tribal medicine.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Formulation; Herbal Ointment; Phytochemicals; Sphaeranthus indicus; Tribal medicine.
Research Article
Biological spectrum, phenology, and diversity of invasive ruderal and agrestal weeds in Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India
Sachin Sharma*, S. P. Joshi and Manisha Pandey
Eco-Taxonomy Research Laboratory, Department Of Botany, D.A.V. (P.G) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248001 [H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central University) Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India.
*Corresponding author email: weeduttarpradesh2025@gmail.com
Article No.: SSJBR128; Received: 09.01.2025; Peer-reviewed: 12.04.2025; Accepted 16.06.2025; Published: 30.06.2025
DOI:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16842885
View Abstract | PDF
Abstract: The study was conducted in Moradabad district (28°-21´ to 28°-16´ Latitude and 78°- 4´ to 79 Longitude) of western Uttar Pradesh, India,
from April 2022 to June 2023, to understand the accessibility and distribution of alien invasive ruderals and agrestals weed flora.
Detailed field observations on Raunkiaer’s life form for each weed species were recorded and collected weed species were arranged
in different APG-IV families and grades according to the modern system of classification. Study reveals 82 weed species,
classified into 64 genera, 25 APG-IV families and 8 APG-IV grades. The dominated weed family is Asteraceae and weed genera is
Alternanthera. Field sampling involved extensive observations of ecological and phenological traits, including Raunkiaer's
life form, for various ruderal and agrestal weed species. Weeds were categorised into 4 sub-categorise, and we get such a
type of data that (68%) 56 spp. were Therophytes, followed by Phanerophytes (14%) 11 spp., Hemi-cryptophytes (7%) 6 spp.,
Chamaephytes (6%) 5 spp., and Cryptophytes (5%) 4 spp. The dominant life form was 65 species (79%) herb followed by 11
species (13%) shrub, 3 species (4%) climbing herb, 2 species (3%) creeping herb and 1 species (1%) climbing shrub.
The study reveals that 40% of weeds are classified as ruderals, 33% as both types, and 27% as agrestals.
The phyto-geographical analysis of alien invasive weed species origination represent that the maximum
49 species (60%) recorded, were from Tropical America (TAM), followed by 11 species (14%) from
South America (SAM), 9 species (11%) from Tropical Africa (TAF), 4 species (5%) from the Mediterranean region (MR) and
Europe (EU) each, and 1 species (1%) from Malaysia (ML), Africa (AF), North America (NAM), Brazil (BR), and Peru (PU).
Phenological analysis shows maximum flowering in August and fruiting in April. The study provides baseline data on alien
weed species in Moradabad district, aiding in effective management and regulatory pathways. India needs nationwide
research to evaluate economic losses, identify invasion patterns, and develop effective management techniques.
This information may be used to forecast phenotypic alterations and develop governance plans for these species.
Keywords: APG-IV; Biological Spectrum; Invasive Weeds; Phenology; Moradabad
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